http://img75.imageshack.us/img75/3342/ubuanthefirecw8.jpg
SNOWBALL EFFECT
Descriptive of an entity or situation where something once small and relatively insignificant grows exponentially at a swift pace, engulfing everything in its path. The basic workings of a literal snowball effect can be illustrated by taking one's average baseball-sized snowball and dropping it down the side of a snowy hill. As it descends it gathers more snow and whatever leaves, sticks, etc. are in its way. The snowball accumulates not only size, but speed.
http://searchsoftwarequality.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid92_gci519580,00.html
http://www.answers.com/model
http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=snowball+effect
6)
RELIABILITY:
The extent to which an experiment, test, or any measuring procedure yields the same result on repeated trials. Without the agreement of independent observers able to replicate research procedures, or the ability to use research tools and procedures that yield consistent measurements, researchers would be unable to satisfactorily draw conclusions, formulate theories, or make claims about the generalizability of their research. In addition to its important role in research, reliability is critical for many parts of our lives, including manufacturing, medicine, and sports.
VALIDITY: Refers to the degree to which a study accurately reflects or assesses the specific concept that the researcher is attempting to measure. While reliability is concerned with the accuracy of the actual measuring instrument or procedure, validity is concerned with the study's success at measuring what the researchers set out to measure.
RELEVANCE
Item that is capable of making a difference in decision making. The three elements of relevance follow. Information is available in a timely fashion before it loses its value in decision making. Data have predictive value about outcomes past, present, and future. Information has feedback value that provides information about earlier expectations.
SIGNIFICANCE
A finding in economics may be said to be of economic significance (or substantive significance) if it shows a theory to be useful or not useful, or if has implications for scientific interpretation or policy practice (McCloskey and Ziliak, 1996). Statistical significance is property of the probability that a given finding was produced by a stated model but at random: see significance level.
http://economics.about.com/od/economicsglossary/g/signif.htm
http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/research/relval/
7)EVENT
something that happens at a given place and time
a special set of circumstances; "in that event, the first possibility is excluded"; "it may rain in which case the picnic will be canceled"
a phenomenon located at a single point in space-time; the fundamental observational entity in relativity theory
Consequence: a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon; "the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise"; "his decision had depressing consequences for business"; "he acted very wise after the event"
PROCESS
A process is a collection of interrelated work tasks initiated in response to an event that achieves a specific result for the customer of the process.Adding more specific detail to that general definition:
that achieves a specific result:
must deliver a specific result
this result must be individually identifiable and countable
a good process name clearly indicates the result or end state of the process
for the customer of the process:
a customer receives the result or is the beneficiary of it
the customer can be a person or an organization
customer can be identified and can pass judgment on the result and process
customer point of view helps identify and name the process accurately
initiated in response to a specific event:
the process must be initiated in response to a specific event
multiple events can initiate a process
having an event AND a result allows the tracing of the sequence of tasks that turns the event into the result
work tasks:
a collection of actions, activities, steps or tasks make up a business process
a step in the initial workflow will probably be divided into more detailed steps later
a collection of interrelated:
the process steps must relate to each other
interrelationship is through sequence and flow...the completion of one step leads to (flows into) the initiation of the next step
also interrelated by dealing with the same work item
steps related by being traceable back to the same initiation event
LIFE CYCLE
The time from the beginning of the systems project to the replacement of the system. This includes the time that the system will be operational as well as the time needed to develop and implement the system.
http://www.google.com.tr/search?hl=tr&defl=en&q=define:Life+cycle&sa=X&oi=glossary_definition&ct=title
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Events
http://its.syr.edu/eps/epsprocess.cfm
8)ITERATION
Characterized by or involving repetition, recurrence, reiteration, or repetitiousness. This is the general meaning. In business life Iterations in a project context may refer to the technique of developing and delivering incremental components of business functionality. This is most often associated with agile software development, but could potentially be any material. A single iteration results in one or more bite-sized but complete packages of project work that can perform some tangible business function. Multiple iterations recurse to create a fully integrated product. This is often compared with the waterfall model approach.
This story is an easy example of problem and problem solving. But I think this is an effective one.
1) PROBLEM
A situation that presents difficulty, uncertainty, or perplexity: hornets' nest, issue, question. From Ancient Greek πρόβλημα (próblēma) "anything thrown forward, hindrance, obstacle, anything projecting, a headland, promontory” A problem exists when an individual becomes aware of a significant difference between what actually is and what is desired. Every problem asks for an answer or solution.
Mathematical problem, business problem, engineering problem, problems about social issues… Determining that what the problem is includes stages of problem solving.
· Is the problem too broad?
· Can the problem really be investigated?
· Can the data be analyzed?
· Is the problem significant?
· Can the results of the study be generalized?
· What costs and time are involved in the analysis?
· Is there any potential harm to the subject?
http://www.answers.com/problem
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem
Wimmer, Roger D.
Mass media research : an introduction / Roger D. Wimmer, Joseph R. Dominic. – 8th ed. – Australia : Thomson/Wordsworth, c2006.
1) PROBLEM
A situation that presents difficulty, uncertainty, or perplexity: hornets' nest, issue, question. From Ancient Greek πρόβλημα (próblēma) "anything thrown forward, hindrance, obstacle, anything projecting, a headland, promontory” A problem exists when an individual becomes aware of a significant difference between what actually is and what is desired. Every problem asks for an answer or solution.
Mathematical problem, business problem, engineering problem, problems about social issues… Determining that what the problem is includes stages of problem solving.
· Is the problem too broad?
· Can the problem really be investigated?
· Can the data be analyzed?
· Is the problem significant?
· Can the results of the study be generalized?
· What costs and time are involved in the analysis?
· Is there any potential harm to the subject?
http://www.answers.com/problem
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem
Wimmer, Roger D.
Mass media research : an introduction / Roger D. Wimmer, Joseph R. Dominic. – 8th ed. – Australia : Thomson/Wordsworth, c2006.
UBU and THE FIRE
In the above there is a story and a problem. The first thing we have to solve is determining a way: Acrossing the river using the canoe with puma, monkey and the plant
2) METHOD
Definition: Orderly arrangement, elucidation, development, or classification; clear and lucid exhibition; systematic arrangement peculiar to an individual. When this definition is analyzed from view point of an engineer, scientific method has to be mentioned. The scientific method is the process by which scientists, collectively and over time, endeavor to construct an accurate (that is, reliable, consistent and non-arbitrary) representation of the world.
I. The scientific method has four steps
1. Observation and description of a phenomenon or group of phenomena.
2. Formulation of a hypothesis to explain the phenomena.
3. Use of the hypothesis to predict the existence of other phenomena or to predict quantitatively the results of new observations.
4. Performance of experimental tests of the predictions by several independent experimenters and properly performed experiments.
Methodology is defined as a body of practices, procedures, and rules used by those who work in a discipline or engage in an inquiry; a set of working methods. Methodology includes the following concepts as they relate to a particular discipline or field of inquiry:
a collection of theories, concepts or ideas;
comparative study of different approaches; and
critique of the individual methods
http://teacher.pas.rochester.edu/phy_labs/appendixe/appendixe.html#Heading3
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/methodology
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodology
UBU AND THE FIRE
The next part is to determine the method. I think the best method for this problem is “Method of Trial and Error”.
3) THEORY
Theory is a set of related propositions that presents a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relationships among concepts. A theory starts as a hypothesis, which is like a well-thought guess. Only after many tests to try to find out if it is wrong (to try to prove or disprove the theory) can a hypothesis be called a real theory.
Hypothesis: A tentative explanation for an observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem that can be tested by further investigation. The hypothesis is a statement. It is a prediction or proposed solution to a problem based on prior knowledge or information gathered. It is an 'educated guess' about the outcome of the experiment. A hypothesis must be able to be tested. A hypothesis is also referring to one, hypothesis refers to many. When the hypothesis is being determined, case study is important. Case study is one of several ways of doing science research.
Paradigm: An accepted set of theories, procedures and and assumptions about how researchers look at the world. Paradigms are based on axioms or statements that are universally accepted as true. Paradigms are important because they are related to the selection of research methods.
http://www.answers.com/hypothesis?cat=technology
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothesis
Wimmer, Roger D.
Mass media research : an introduction / Roger D. Wimmer, Joseph R. Dominic. – 8th ed. – Australia : Thomson/Wordsworth, c2006.
UBU AND THE FIRE
After the method and observation part, some hypothesis must develop.
If the ubu across the river with puma, the monkey eats the plant.
If the ubu across the river with plant, the puma eats the monkey.
If the ubu across the river with monkey, nothing happens.
So the hypothesis works, we determine to across the river with monkey firstly. But in this problem there is a problem. After the monkey is acrossed the river ,ubu returns but the second acrossing is a big problem.
4) STRATEGY
The direction and scope of an organisation over the long-term: which achieves advantage for the organisation through its configuration of resources within a challenging environment, to meet the needs of markets and to fulfil stakeholder expectations.
In other words, strategy is about:
* Where is the business trying to get to in the long-term (direction)
* Which markets should a business compete in and what kind of activities are involved in such markets? (markets; scope)
* How can the business perform better than the competition in those markets? (advantage)? * What resources (skills, assets, finance, relationships, technical competence, facilities) are required in order to be able to compete? (resources)?
* What external, environmental factors affect the businesses' ability to compete? (environment )?
* What are the values and expectations of those who have power in and around the business? (stakeholders )
PLAN:
A scheme, program, or method worked out beforehand for the accomplishment of an objective. By means of a word “plan” have very general meaning so it have severals of meaning .In business life plan means that organized sequence of predetermined actions management has chosen to complete future organizational objectives.Plan is maybe the most important part of a research or a problem solving because when you have a good plan the other stages approach easily.
CONTROL: One the managerial functions like planning, organizing, staffing and directing. It is an important function because it helps to check the errors and to take the corrective action so that deviation from standards are minimised and stated goals of the organisation are achieved in desired manner.According to modern concepts, control is a foreseeing action whereas earlier concept of control was used only when errors were detected. Control in management means setting standards, measuring actual performance and taking corrective action. Thus, control comprises these three main activities.According to Henry Fayol,
Control of an undertaking consists of seeing that everything is being carried out in accordance with the plan which has been adopted, the orders which have been given, and the principles which have been laid down. Its object is to point out mistakes in order that they may be rectified and prevented .
http://www.answers.com/control
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_%28management%29
In the above there is a story and a problem. The first thing we have to solve is determining a way: Acrossing the river using the canoe with puma, monkey and the plant
2) METHOD
Definition: Orderly arrangement, elucidation, development, or classification; clear and lucid exhibition; systematic arrangement peculiar to an individual. When this definition is analyzed from view point of an engineer, scientific method has to be mentioned. The scientific method is the process by which scientists, collectively and over time, endeavor to construct an accurate (that is, reliable, consistent and non-arbitrary) representation of the world.
I. The scientific method has four steps
1. Observation and description of a phenomenon or group of phenomena.
2. Formulation of a hypothesis to explain the phenomena.
3. Use of the hypothesis to predict the existence of other phenomena or to predict quantitatively the results of new observations.
4. Performance of experimental tests of the predictions by several independent experimenters and properly performed experiments.
Methodology is defined as a body of practices, procedures, and rules used by those who work in a discipline or engage in an inquiry; a set of working methods. Methodology includes the following concepts as they relate to a particular discipline or field of inquiry:
a collection of theories, concepts or ideas;
comparative study of different approaches; and
critique of the individual methods
http://teacher.pas.rochester.edu/phy_labs/appendixe/appendixe.html#Heading3
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/methodology
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodology
UBU AND THE FIRE
The next part is to determine the method. I think the best method for this problem is “Method of Trial and Error”.
3) THEORY
Theory is a set of related propositions that presents a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relationships among concepts. A theory starts as a hypothesis, which is like a well-thought guess. Only after many tests to try to find out if it is wrong (to try to prove or disprove the theory) can a hypothesis be called a real theory.
Hypothesis: A tentative explanation for an observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem that can be tested by further investigation. The hypothesis is a statement. It is a prediction or proposed solution to a problem based on prior knowledge or information gathered. It is an 'educated guess' about the outcome of the experiment. A hypothesis must be able to be tested. A hypothesis is also referring to one, hypothesis refers to many. When the hypothesis is being determined, case study is important. Case study is one of several ways of doing science research.
Paradigm: An accepted set of theories, procedures and and assumptions about how researchers look at the world. Paradigms are based on axioms or statements that are universally accepted as true. Paradigms are important because they are related to the selection of research methods.
http://www.answers.com/hypothesis?cat=technology
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothesis
Wimmer, Roger D.
Mass media research : an introduction / Roger D. Wimmer, Joseph R. Dominic. – 8th ed. – Australia : Thomson/Wordsworth, c2006.
UBU AND THE FIRE
After the method and observation part, some hypothesis must develop.
If the ubu across the river with puma, the monkey eats the plant.
If the ubu across the river with plant, the puma eats the monkey.
If the ubu across the river with monkey, nothing happens.
So the hypothesis works, we determine to across the river with monkey firstly. But in this problem there is a problem. After the monkey is acrossed the river ,ubu returns but the second acrossing is a big problem.
4) STRATEGY
The direction and scope of an organisation over the long-term: which achieves advantage for the organisation through its configuration of resources within a challenging environment, to meet the needs of markets and to fulfil stakeholder expectations.
In other words, strategy is about:
* Where is the business trying to get to in the long-term (direction)
* Which markets should a business compete in and what kind of activities are involved in such markets? (markets; scope)
* How can the business perform better than the competition in those markets? (advantage)? * What resources (skills, assets, finance, relationships, technical competence, facilities) are required in order to be able to compete? (resources)?
* What external, environmental factors affect the businesses' ability to compete? (environment )?
* What are the values and expectations of those who have power in and around the business? (stakeholders )
PLAN:
A scheme, program, or method worked out beforehand for the accomplishment of an objective. By means of a word “plan” have very general meaning so it have severals of meaning .In business life plan means that organized sequence of predetermined actions management has chosen to complete future organizational objectives.Plan is maybe the most important part of a research or a problem solving because when you have a good plan the other stages approach easily.
CONTROL: One the managerial functions like planning, organizing, staffing and directing. It is an important function because it helps to check the errors and to take the corrective action so that deviation from standards are minimised and stated goals of the organisation are achieved in desired manner.According to modern concepts, control is a foreseeing action whereas earlier concept of control was used only when errors were detected. Control in management means setting standards, measuring actual performance and taking corrective action. Thus, control comprises these three main activities.According to Henry Fayol,
Control of an undertaking consists of seeing that everything is being carried out in accordance with the plan which has been adopted, the orders which have been given, and the principles which have been laid down. Its object is to point out mistakes in order that they may be rectified and prevented .
http://www.answers.com/control
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_%28management%29
UBU AND THE FIRE
This part maybe the most important part because this part must include creativity. The problem solver must be creative at this part.
So after some creative thinking, the solving comes.
SOLUTION: Firstly the monkey and Ubu across the river. Ubu turns back and take the puma. When puma get there ,Ubu take back monkey. Then Ubu changes the monkey and plant. Ubu and the plant across the river. And finally Ubu takes the monkey and save himself and his friends.
5) MODEL
A model is a pattern, representation, or description designed to show the structure or workings of an object, system, or concept. And also it is a study of a miniature of the actual.
WATERFALL DIAGRAM
The waterfall model is a popular version of the systems development life cycle software. Often considered the classic approach to the systems development life cycle, the waterfall model describes a development method that is linear and sequential. Waterfall development has distinct goals for each phase of development. Imagine a waterfall on the cliff of a steep mountain. Once the water has flowed over the edge of the cliff and has begun its journey down the side of the mountain, it cannot turn back. It is the same with waterfall development. Once a phase of development is completed, the development proceeds to the next phase and there is no turning back.
The advantage of waterfall development is that it allows for departmentalization and managerial control. A schedule can be set with deadlines for each stage of development and a product can proceed through the development process like a car in a carwash, and theoretically, be delivered on time. Development moves from concept, through design, implementation, testing, installation, troubleshooting, and ends up at operation and maintenance. Each phase of development proceeds in strict order, without any overlapping or iterative steps.
This part maybe the most important part because this part must include creativity. The problem solver must be creative at this part.
So after some creative thinking, the solving comes.
SOLUTION: Firstly the monkey and Ubu across the river. Ubu turns back and take the puma. When puma get there ,Ubu take back monkey. Then Ubu changes the monkey and plant. Ubu and the plant across the river. And finally Ubu takes the monkey and save himself and his friends.
5) MODEL
A model is a pattern, representation, or description designed to show the structure or workings of an object, system, or concept. And also it is a study of a miniature of the actual.
WATERFALL DIAGRAM
The waterfall model is a popular version of the systems development life cycle software. Often considered the classic approach to the systems development life cycle, the waterfall model describes a development method that is linear and sequential. Waterfall development has distinct goals for each phase of development. Imagine a waterfall on the cliff of a steep mountain. Once the water has flowed over the edge of the cliff and has begun its journey down the side of the mountain, it cannot turn back. It is the same with waterfall development. Once a phase of development is completed, the development proceeds to the next phase and there is no turning back.
The advantage of waterfall development is that it allows for departmentalization and managerial control. A schedule can be set with deadlines for each stage of development and a product can proceed through the development process like a car in a carwash, and theoretically, be delivered on time. Development moves from concept, through design, implementation, testing, installation, troubleshooting, and ends up at operation and maintenance. Each phase of development proceeds in strict order, without any overlapping or iterative steps.
SNOWBALL EFFECTDescriptive of an entity or situation where something once small and relatively insignificant grows exponentially at a swift pace, engulfing everything in its path. The basic workings of a literal snowball effect can be illustrated by taking one's average baseball-sized snowball and dropping it down the side of a snowy hill. As it descends it gathers more snow and whatever leaves, sticks, etc. are in its way. The snowball accumulates not only size, but speed.
http://searchsoftwarequality.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid92_gci519580,00.html
http://www.answers.com/model
http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=snowball+effect
6)
RELIABILITY:
The extent to which an experiment, test, or any measuring procedure yields the same result on repeated trials. Without the agreement of independent observers able to replicate research procedures, or the ability to use research tools and procedures that yield consistent measurements, researchers would be unable to satisfactorily draw conclusions, formulate theories, or make claims about the generalizability of their research. In addition to its important role in research, reliability is critical for many parts of our lives, including manufacturing, medicine, and sports.
VALIDITY: Refers to the degree to which a study accurately reflects or assesses the specific concept that the researcher is attempting to measure. While reliability is concerned with the accuracy of the actual measuring instrument or procedure, validity is concerned with the study's success at measuring what the researchers set out to measure.
RELEVANCE
Item that is capable of making a difference in decision making. The three elements of relevance follow. Information is available in a timely fashion before it loses its value in decision making. Data have predictive value about outcomes past, present, and future. Information has feedback value that provides information about earlier expectations.
SIGNIFICANCE
A finding in economics may be said to be of economic significance (or substantive significance) if it shows a theory to be useful or not useful, or if has implications for scientific interpretation or policy practice (McCloskey and Ziliak, 1996). Statistical significance is property of the probability that a given finding was produced by a stated model but at random: see significance level.
http://economics.about.com/od/economicsglossary/g/signif.htm
http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/research/relval/
7)EVENT
something that happens at a given place and time
a special set of circumstances; "in that event, the first possibility is excluded"; "it may rain in which case the picnic will be canceled"
a phenomenon located at a single point in space-time; the fundamental observational entity in relativity theory
Consequence: a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon; "the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise"; "his decision had depressing consequences for business"; "he acted very wise after the event"
PROCESS
A process is a collection of interrelated work tasks initiated in response to an event that achieves a specific result for the customer of the process.Adding more specific detail to that general definition:
that achieves a specific result:
must deliver a specific result
this result must be individually identifiable and countable
a good process name clearly indicates the result or end state of the process
for the customer of the process:
a customer receives the result or is the beneficiary of it
the customer can be a person or an organization
customer can be identified and can pass judgment on the result and process
customer point of view helps identify and name the process accurately
initiated in response to a specific event:
the process must be initiated in response to a specific event
multiple events can initiate a process
having an event AND a result allows the tracing of the sequence of tasks that turns the event into the result
work tasks:
a collection of actions, activities, steps or tasks make up a business process
a step in the initial workflow will probably be divided into more detailed steps later
a collection of interrelated:
the process steps must relate to each other
interrelationship is through sequence and flow...the completion of one step leads to (flows into) the initiation of the next step
also interrelated by dealing with the same work item
steps related by being traceable back to the same initiation event
LIFE CYCLE
The time from the beginning of the systems project to the replacement of the system. This includes the time that the system will be operational as well as the time needed to develop and implement the system.
http://www.google.com.tr/search?hl=tr&defl=en&q=define:Life+cycle&sa=X&oi=glossary_definition&ct=title
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Events
http://its.syr.edu/eps/epsprocess.cfm
8)ITERATION
Characterized by or involving repetition, recurrence, reiteration, or repetitiousness. This is the general meaning. In business life Iterations in a project context may refer to the technique of developing and delivering incremental components of business functionality. This is most often associated with agile software development, but could potentially be any material. A single iteration results in one or more bite-sized but complete packages of project work that can perform some tangible business function. Multiple iterations recurse to create a fully integrated product. This is often compared with the waterfall model approach.
SEQUENTIAL
relating to or arranged in a sequence ; following in sequence; related to or based on a method of testing a statistical hypothesis that involves examination of a sequence of samples for each of which the decision is made to accecpt or reject the hypothesis or to continue sampling.
http://www.answers.com/iterative
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequential
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterative
9) CORRELATION
When we first take the beautiful versus kitsch homework, first thing we have to do is looking around the campus and seeing. This was the data part. While we looking at, we observed beautiful and kitsch. This was the observation part. Taking photos that we liked composed the collection part.
Abstraction is removing some distinctions between objects, so as to showing their commonalities. With this definition the beautiful and kitsch photo was chosen. When the photos was chosen, its awareness was searched, so the choice part included awareness and abstraction.
relating to or arranged in a sequence ; following in sequence; related to or based on a method of testing a statistical hypothesis that involves examination of a sequence of samples for each of which the decision is made to accecpt or reject the hypothesis or to continue sampling.
http://www.answers.com/iterative
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequential
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterative
9) CORRELATION
When we first take the beautiful versus kitsch homework, first thing we have to do is looking around the campus and seeing. This was the data part. While we looking at, we observed beautiful and kitsch. This was the observation part. Taking photos that we liked composed the collection part.
Abstraction is removing some distinctions between objects, so as to showing their commonalities. With this definition the beautiful and kitsch photo was chosen. When the photos was chosen, its awareness was searched, so the choice part included awareness and abstraction.
