Origins of Engineers and Beginning of Engineering Education

Origins of Engineers and Beginning of Engineering Education
Definition of engineering:Creating something useful from other things using science and mat hor turning ideas into reality.
In Turkish ‘muhendis’ was derived from hendese whose meaning is geometry.In English perhaps most of the people suppose that engineer derived from engine.But this information isn’t true.It derived from ‘ingenuity’ whose meaning is creativity or rationalism.
It has been pretty well agreed that the words 'ingenuity' and 'engineering' in English and 'ingéniosité' and 'ingénierie' in French are linked to the same Latin word-root and that the verb 'to engineer' means 'to be ingenious.' So the kinds of things engineers have done have been generally ingenious. And the word 'engine' means 'an ingenious and useful device.
In prehistoric times,most of the people live,work or hunt like an engineer,although they didn’t know that these activities included engineering knowledge.But the schools of engineering weren’t founded until the 18th century. The first schools of engineering were founded in France in the middle of the 18th Century. "The first engineers were military engineers, employed by the government, who concerned themselves with subjects such as roads, bridges, and fortifications.By the turn of the Century, France had established military and polytechnic schools to teach engineering that produced such notables as Laplace, Lagrange, and Fourier. "
Resources


http://engineer.ucla.edu.tr
http://www.akillisinif.anadolu.edu.tr/dosyalar/ppt/20071001/26_67.ppt

What Engineers Do?

What Engineers Do?
Engineers apply the theories and principles of science and mathematics to the economical solution of practical technical problems. Often their work is the link between a scientific discovery and its application. In addition to design and development, many engineers work in testing, production or maintenance. They supervise production in factories, determine the causes of breakdowns, and test manufactured products to maintain quality. They also estimate the time and cost to complete projects. Some work in management or sales where an engineering background enables them to discuss technical aspects of a product and assist in planning its installation or use.

Resources
http://www.teachingtools.com/Slinky/engineers.html

Engineering as a profession

Engineering as a profession
First of all engineering as a profession doesn’t include only studying times.It includes all the times we have.Being an engineer is being an observer.For instance, any time any technical problem can occure which can be only solved owing to engineering knowledge. Engineers try to solve problems in a scientific and systematic ways.They spend most of the times thinking solutions and after they found it,they starts to thinking about the performing to the daily life.


Resources
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer
http://www.engineeringfullyloaded.org.au/as_a_career/types_of_engineering.html

Types of engineering

Types of Engineering

The primary types of engineering are chemical, civil, electrical, industrial, and mechanical.
Chemical engineering. deals with the design, construction, and operation of plants and machinery for making such products as acids, dyes, drugs, plastics, and synthetic rubber by adapting the chemical reactions discovered.
Civil engineering. includes the planning, designing, construction, and maintenance of structures and altering geography to suit human needs
Electrical engineering. encompasses all aspects of electricity from power engineering, the development of the devices for the generation and transmission of electrical power,
Mechanical engineering. is concerned with the design, construction, and operation of power plants, engines, and machines. It deals mostly with things that move.
The Other Engineerings
· Aerospace Engineering
· Agricultural Engineering
· Architectural Engineering
· Bioengineering
· Ceramic Engineering
· Computer Engineering
· Environmental Engineering
· Fire Protection Engineering
· Manufacturing Engineering
· Metallurgy and Materials Engineering
· Mineral and Mining Engineering
· Nuclear Engineering
· Ocean Engineering
· Transportation Engineering

Industrial engineering(My personal best)

Industrial engineering is a branch of engineering that concerns the development, improvement, implementation and evaluation of integrated systems of people, money, knowledge, information, equipment, energy, material and process so industrial engineering includes all the other engineerings because the problem that Industrial engineering concerns can be about all of the other engineering types.
Industrial engineers are more commonly known as management engineers. This speciality suppose to separate industrial engineering and all the others because industrial engineer can manage engineers and coordinate them.
There are a number of things industrial engineers do in their work to make processes more efficient, to make products more manufacturable and consistent in their quality, and to increase productivity so the efficiency is one of the characteristic speciality.For this reason most of the problems we meet in daily life concerns the industrial engineering.This is why industrial engineering is my best.

Resources
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0857984.html
http://www.engineeringfullyloaded.org.au/as_a_career/types_of_engineering.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_engineering

Henry Ford(1863-1947)

Henry Ford was founder and holder of the Ford Motor Company.He was born in 1863 in Michigan Usa.In his puppyhood years;he was interested in mechanic.After some bad years with bad jobs,in 1881 he became an engineer in a company.And then in 1903 he founded the Ford Motor Company with eleven financier.The first car of the company which was the T model sold fifteen million in America.From this time he and his cars were called loudly.
Henry ford didn’t want a walkout in his company so he paid good Money for his workers.He believed that only Money was enough fort he workers.
Henry Ford was one of the most talented businesman.He and his company performed an aimportant role for industrial development.

Resources

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford - 143k -

Frank Bunker Gilbreth

FRANK BUNKER GILBRETH (1868 - 1924)
Frank Bunker Gilbreth was a proponent of Taylorism and a pioneer of time-motion studies. With his wife and collaborator, Lillian Moller Gilbreth, he sought to understand the work habits of industrial employees and to find ways to increase their output. Frank and her wife had established a successful industrial engineering consulting system which they offered as an alternative to Frederick W. Taylor's better known system of shop management. Frank had first developed his ideas about how to eliminate wasteful motions and unnecessary fatigue from jobs during his early years as a building contractor. By studying the motions of the most efficient workers, he had begun to systematize his methods for identifying the "one best way" to do any job.
Much of Gilbert’s success came from his incessant serach for efficiancy. He noticed that individuals did not always use the same motions in performing their works. By improving their efficiency, he could eliminate worker fatigue and produce more with less effort. This allowd him to bid loweroncontracts and finish projects more quickly than other builders. Among his construction improvements were new scalefolds for bricklayers, beter conveyors and more effective concrete mixers. Gilbreth was the first to use a “cost plus fixed fee” contract. Now common in the construction industry, the contract encouraged efficient and timely construction.
Resources


Graham, Laurel. “Lillian Gilbreth and the Mental Revolution at Macy's, 1925-1928”. Journal of Management History. Vol 6(7), 2000.

Karwatka, Dennis. “Frank Gilbreth and Production Efficiency”. Tech Directions. Vol 65(6), 2006.
.

Lillian Moller Gilbreth

Lillian Moller Gilbreth(1878-1972)
Lillian Moller Gilbreth was a very important person in Industrial Engineering and scientific management.She was an industrial engineer and expert in motion studies, was a pioneer in recognizing the relationship between engineering and human relations.She and her wife Frank Gilbreth had exactly 12 children and both of us educate their children about the motion studies.They have a really normative life .
Gilbreth developed many of her ideas and co-authored numerous books and scientific studies with her husband, Frank .After Frank had died;she created her own nationwide program called ‘Share the Work’ which was made to help people get jobs..In 1966 she was the first woman to receive the Hoover Medal for distinguished public service by an engineer. Other wise she invented the foot-pedal trash can and the shelves inside the refrigerator doors.

Resources

www.greatwomen.org/women.php?action=viewone&id=65 - 14k

Max Weber

Maximillian Carl Emil Weber(1864-1920)

“The fate of our times is characterized by rationalization and intellectualization and, above all, by the disenchantment of the world''.
Max Weber
Max Weber was a political economist and sociologist who is regarded widely as one of the most profound thinkers of modern times. Today, his contributions continue to be cited by scholars in many fields, from jurisprudence to economics, from sociology to religion, from political science to business. In the management, leadership and organizational literature, Weber has been most associated with his understanding of bureaucracy, hierarchy of authority, and types of leadership - the most attention given to charismatic leadership.
In the field of bureaucracy, Max Weber has made the single most outstanding contribution. David Beetham, professor of politics at Leeds University and presently a leading exponent of Weber's political theory, dwells on 3 different aspects of his concept of bureaucracy. First, Weber's theory holds that bureaucracy is a technically efficient instrument of administration. Indeed, Weber believes that bureaucracy is technically the most perfectly adapted for achieving the highest level of performance. Second, Weber's theory holds that bureaucracy has an inherent tendency to exceed its instrumental function and emerge as a separate force within society, capable of influencing the goals and character of that society. Third, Weber's theory holds that bureacucracy reflects the class structure of the society. That is, bureaucracy is unable to free itself from the outlook of the social classes from which it is recruited and to which it is allied. In summary, bureaucracy is not merely a technical instrument. It is also a social force with interests and values of its own. As such, it has social consequences beyond its instrumental achievements.
Weber’ criterias of bureaucracy are in the below on table;
Weiss, Richard M. “Weber on Bureaucracy: Management Consultant or Political Theorist?”. The Academy of Management Review. Vol 8(2), 1983.
Gajduschek, Gyorgy. Bureaucracy: “Is It Efficient? Is It Not? Is That The Question? Uncertainty Reduction: An Ignored Element of Bureaucratic Rationality”. Administration&Society. Vol 34(6), 2003.

Henry Fayol

Henry Fayol(1841 Istanbul-1925 Paris)

Fayol (1949) enumerated and discussed 14 "principles" of management. Specifically, these concerned:
(1) division of work;
(2) authority and responsibility;
(3) discipline;
(4) unity of command;
(5) unity of direction;
(6) subordination of individual interest to the general interest;
(7) remuneration;
(8) centralisation;
(9) span of control;
(10) order;
(11) equity;
(12) stability of tenure of personnel;
(13) initiative; and
(14) esprit de corps.
Henry Fayol believes that there are five primary functions of management: (1) planning, (2) organizing, (3) commanding, (4) coordinating, and (5) controlling (Fayol, 1949, 1987).
Some researcher believes that the Fayol model is relevant and appropriate to contemporary management.

Resources
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Fayol - 24k
Isletmelerde Yonetım ve Organızasyon(Ismail efil)
Metu.edu.tr/library databases

Abraham Maslow

Abraham Maslow(1908-1970)
He was an American Phychologist.He is noted for him his conceptualization of a hierarchy of human needs,and is considered the father of humanistic psychology.Maslow concluded
that human needs are organized in a hierarchy of needs include:
1) Basic physiological needs
2) Safety from external danger
3) Love, affection and social activity
4) Esteem and self-respect
5) Self actualization needs
When a self-actualizer doesn’t pursue his or her “calling” and/or is stifled by a highly disruptive environment the result can be stress, depression, despair, disgust, alienation, and a degree of cynicism.
His “Hierarchy of Needs Theory” remains valid today for understanding human motivation, management training, and personal development. Indeed, Maslow's ideas surrounding the Hierarchy of Needs concerning the responsibility of employers to provide a workplace environment that encourages and enables employees to fulfil their own unique potential (self-actualization) are today more relevant than ever.








Each of us is motivated by needs. Our most basic needs are inborn, having evolved over tens of thousands of years. Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs helps to explain how these needs motivate us all. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs states that we must satisfy each need in turn, starting with the first, which deals with the most obvious needs for survival itself. Only when the lower order needs of physical and emotional well-being are satisfied are we concerned with the higher order needs of influence and personal development.
Conversely, if the things that satisfy our lower order needs are swept away, we are no longer concerned about the maintenance of our higher order needs.
Maslow's original Hierarchy of Needs model was developed between 1943-1954, and first widely published in Motivation and Personality in 1954. At this time the Hierarchy of Needs model comprised five needs. This original version remains for most people the definitive Hierarchy of Needs.
Maslow saw these issues fifty years ago:” The fact that employees have a basic human need and a right to strive for self-actualisation, just as much as the corporate directors and owners do”.

Resources
Ananymous. “Maslow’s Hierarchy: A Framework For Ynderstanding Ourselves?”. Business Owner. Vol 30(2), 2006.

Dye, Kelly ve Diğerleri. “Maslow: Man Interrupted: Reading Management Theory In Context”. Management Decision. Vol 43(10), 2005.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Maslow - 66k

Why Maslow?
I admire Maslow because, in my opinion, his theory about needs Works in real life. When we look at the pyramid about needs, we see that he ordered human necessities and unless people fill the needs on the first step, they cant get the upper steps. Also these needs shape the behaviours of people. People’s need increase by increasing their degree of development. For an instance; To eat his fill is a basic need for a pensioner in a lower degree. But to eat a balanced diet for a person in a upper degree may be a basic need too.

FREDERICK WINSLOW TAYLOR(1856-1915)
Frederick Taylor was an American mechanical Engineer who was known as ‘father of the scientific management’.He has the period of scientific management started.

Resources
Efil, İsmail. İşletmelerde Yönetim ve Organizasyon. Alfa Yayıncılık.Bursa: 1999.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor - 53k